REVISIÓN DE LOS MÉTODOS DE DETECCIÓN DE FALLAS EN MOTORES SÍNCRONOS DE IMANES PERMANENTES CON APLICACIONES PARA INDUSTRIA 4.0 (REVIEW OF FAULT DETECTION METHODS FOR PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES WITH APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY 4.0)

ResumenEn este trabajo se presenta el estado del arte de la investigación existente en la metodología para el diagnóstico de fallas en motores síncronos de imanes permanentes (PMSM, por sus siglas en inglés) que tienen aplicación en los sistemas de industria 4.0. Los PMSM están incluidos en un conjunto de sistemas que deben tener la capacidad de diagnosticar su estado de operación y tomar decisiones para mantener la integridad de sus elementos en operación, evitando mantenimientos correctivos y paros de producción. Por tanto, se revisan trabajos de investigación, enfatizando aquellos de los últimos 10 años. En ellos se presentan las diferentes metodologías para el diagnóstico de fallas, tipos de fallas, algoritmos y elementos necesarios  para los PMSM. Con base en el análisis, queda manifiesta la gran relevancia del PMSM y el estudio de sus fallas para la industria 4.0.Palabras clave: Diagnóstico de Fallas, Métodos de Detección, PMSM.AbstractThis paper presents the state of the art of the existing research in the methodology for the diagnosis of faults in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) with application in industry 4.0 systems. The PMSM are included in a set of systems that must have the ability to diagnose their own operating status and make decisions to maintain the integrity of their elements in operation, avoiding corrective maintenance and production stoppages. Therefore, research works are reviewed, emphasizing those of the last 10 years. Different methodologies for the diagnosis of faults, types of faults, algorithms and elements necessary for this type of electric machine are presented. Based on the analysis, it is evident the great relevance of the PMSM and the study of its faults for the industry 4.0.Keywords: Fault Diagnosis, Detection Methods, PMSM

Performance of electrical energy monitoring data acquisition system for plant-based microbial fuel cell

Plant microbial fuel cell (Plant-MFC) is an emerging technology that uses the metabolic activity of electrochemically active bacteria (EABs) to continue the production of bioelectricity. Since its invention and to date, great efforts have been made for its application both in real-time and large-scale. However, the construction of platforms or systems for automatic voltage monitoring has been insufficiently studied. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an automatic real-time voltage data acquisition system, which was coupled with an ATMEGA2560 connected to a personal computer. Before the system operation started it was calibrated to obtain accurate data. During this experiment, the power generation performance of two types of reactors i.e. (i) Plant-MFC and (ii) control microbial fuel cell (C-MFC), was evaluated for 15 days. The Plant-MFC was planted with an herbaceous perennial plant (Stevia rebaudiana), electrode system was placed close to the plant roots at the depth of 20 cm. The results of the study have indicated that the Plant-MFC, was more effective and achieved higher bioelectricity generation than C-MFC. The maximum voltage reached with Plant-MFC was 850 mV (0.85 V), whereas C-MFC achieved a maximum voltage of 762 mV (0.772 V). Furthermore, the same reactor demonstrated a maximum power generation of 66 mW m¯2 on 10 min of polarization, while a power density with C-MFC was equal to 13.64 mW m¯2. S.rebaudiana showed a great alternative for power generation. In addition, the monitoring acquisition system was suitable for obtaining data in real-time. However, more studies are recommended to enhance this type of system

Livestock’s Urine-Based Plant Microbial Fuel Cells Improve Plant Growth and Power Generation

Plant microbial fuel cells (P-MFCs) are sustainable and eco-friendly technologies, which use plant root exudates to directly nourish the electrochemically active bacteria (EABs) to generate sustainable electricity. However, their use in evaluating plant growth has been insufficiently studied. In this study, interconnection between plant growth and the production of bioelectricity was evaluated by using P-MFCs inoculated with 642.865 mL ≅ 643 mL of livestock’s urine such as cow urine, goat urine, and sheep urine. The greatest mean stem diameter of 0.52 ± 0.01 cm was found in P-MFC-3 inoculated with goat urine, while the P-MFC-2 treated with cow urine reached a higher average number of roots with a value of 86 ± 2.50 (95% improvement) (p −2 (931 mA m−2) was reached with cow urine; in turn, with regard to the long-term operation, the same reactor indicated a higher maximum average power density of 43.68 ± 3.05 mW m−2. The study’s findings indicated that Stevia P-MFC inoculated with urine was a good option to increase the biomass amount for the agricultural plants along with power generation. Further, this study opens the way for more investigation of evaluating the impact of P-MFC on plant growth